miércoles, 5 de diciembre de 2012
martes, 9 de octubre de 2012
When Do People Become Adults? The Uruguayan Case
Maximo Rossi, Universidad del Uruguay - Departamento de Economía (dECON)
Natalia Melgar, Universidad de La Amazonia
http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1074&context=maximo_rossi
Abstract
This paper explores the key experiences that Uruguayans consider relevant for becoming an adult in Uruguay. In particular, we assess the linkages between adulthood and income; labor market participation and marital status, among other transitions that have been found to be associated with the attainment of adulthood. With the aim of identifying attitudinal patterns, we use the 2008 International Social Survey Program in Uruguay and estimate ordered probit models to examine the importance individuals assign to a series of hypothetical transitions. We discover that gender, age, and educational level are viewed as critical determinants in the passage to adulthood. Moreover, we find that Uruguay may have a different constellation of beliefs pertaining to adult transitions than has been found in similar studies conducted in the United States.
Suggested Citation
Maximo Rossi and Natalia Melgar. "When Do People Become Adults? The Uruguayan Case" International Journal of Population Research / Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2012.Article ID 425325 (2012): 1-6.
lunes, 8 de octubre de 2012
Polarization and the Middle Class
Maximo Rossi, Universidad del Uruguay - Departamento de Economía (dECON)
Fernando Borraz, Universidad de la Republica
Nicolas Gonzalez, Universidad de Montevideo
Nicolas Gonzalez, Universidad de Montevideo
http://works.bepress.com/maximo_rossi/63
Abstract
There is an increasing literature that discusses how to measure the middle class. Some approaches are based on an arbitrary deÖnition such as income quartiles or the poverty line. Recently, Foster and Wolfson developed a methodology which lacks of arbitrariness that enables us to compare the middle class of two di§erent income distributions. We apply this new tool jointly with a complementary method ñrelative distribution approach- to household income data in 1994-2004 and 2004-2010, to analyze the evolution of the middle class and polarization in Uruguay. During the Örst period, which is characterized by an increasing income inequality, we Önd that the middle class declined and income polarization increased. In the second one, where the Uruguayan economy experienced a recovery from the downturn su§ered in 2002, we Önd that the middle class rose and polarization decreased. However, this last result is attenuated when we do not consider the household income imputation because of the new health system implemented in 2008.
Suggested Citation
Maximo Rossi, Fernando Borraz, and Nicolas Gonzalez. 2011. "Polarization and the Middle Class" dECON_Working papers
Available at: http://works.bepress.com/maximo_rossi/63
Available at: http://works.bepress.com/maximo_rossi/63
sábado, 6 de octubre de 2012
jueves, 4 de octubre de 2012
Permissiveness toward Illegal Actions in Uruguay: Has This Attitude Changed in Time?
Maximo Rossi, Universidad del Uruguay - Departamento de Economía (dECON)
Natalia Melgar, Universidad de la Republica Oriental del Uruguay
http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1066&context=maximo_rossi
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to assess the willingness to justify illegal actions (or permissiveness) in the case of Uruguayans. We introduce new factors within the analysis: whether this attitude has changed between 1996 and 2006. In line with previous findings, some sociodemographic variables (age, education, beliefs in God, and patriotism) reduce the probability of being permissive. We also add new elements to the discussion and present some particularities of the Uruguayan case: the role of political affiliation depends on the ideological ground of the elected political party, permissiveness has dramatically changed and it is much higher in 2006.
Suggested Citation
Maximo Rossi and Natalia Melgar. "Permissiveness toward Illegal Actions in Uruguay: Has This Attitude Changed in Time?" Economics Research International 2012.Article ID 846326 (2012).
martes, 2 de octubre de 2012
A Cross-Country Analysis of the Risk Factors for Depression at the Micro and Macro Levels
Maximo Rossi, Universidad del Uruguay - Departamento de Economía (dECON)
Natalia Melgar, Universidad del Uruguay
http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1064&context=maximo_rossi
Abstract
Past research has provided evidence of the role of some personal characteristics (age, gender, religion) as risk factors for depression. However, few researchers have jointly examined the specific impact of each characteristic and whether country characteristics (economic performance and others environmental factors) change the probability of being depressed. In general, this is due to the use of single-country databases. The aim of this article is to extend previous findings by employing a much larger dataset and including the above-mentioned country effects. We estimate probit models with country effects (model I) and we also explore linkages between specific environmental factors and depression (model II includes variables such as per capita Gross Domestic Product and the GINI index). The dataset for this research comes from the 2007 GALLUP Public Opinion Poll that allows us to consider a large and widely heterogeneous set of micro-data. Findings indicate that depression is positively related to being a woman, adulthood, divorce, widowhood, unemployment, and low income. Moreover, we provide evidence of the significant association between economic performance and depression. Inequality raises the probability of being depressed, specially for those living in urban areas. Finally, we find that some population characteristics such as age distribution and religious affiliation facilitate depression.
Suggested Citation
Maximo Rossi and Natalia Melgar. "A Cross-Country Analysis of the Risk Factors for Depression at the Micro and Macro Levels" American Journal of Economics and Sociology 71.2 (2012): 354-376.
lunes, 1 de octubre de 2012
Assessment of the distributive impact of national trade reforms in Brazil
JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC INEQUALITY on line first.on line first (2012).
http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1062&context=maximo_rossi
http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1062&context=maximo_rossi
Fernando Borraz, Universidad de la Republica
Daniel Ferres, Universidad de Montevideo
Maximo Rossi, Universidad del Uruguay - Departamento de Economía (dECON)
Daniel Ferres, Universidad de Montevideo
Maximo Rossi, Universidad del Uruguay - Departamento de Economía (dECON)
Abstract
This paper quantifies the distributional and poverty effects of trade liberalization in Brazil using household survey data. We estimate the consumption and labor impact of Mercosur trade reform following the methodology suggested by Porto (J Int Econ 70:140–160, 2006) and Nicita (J Dev Econ 89(1):19–27, 2009). Results show that trade liberalization had a pro-poor effect in Brazil. This result is largely explained by two major observations: the fact that consumption good prices decreased after Brazil entered Mercosur and a close to zero labor income effect. We find that poverty decreased after national trade liberalization (both for women and men). Additionally, we obtained no significant inequality effects after national trade reforms.
Suggested Citation
Fernando Borraz, Daniel Ferres, and Maximo Rossi. "Assessment of the distributive impact of national trade reforms in Brazil" JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC INEQUALITY on line first.on line first (2012).
viernes, 21 de septiembre de 2012
jueves, 20 de septiembre de 2012
jueves, 13 de septiembre de 2012
Victimización y justicia por mano propia en Uruguay
Victimización y justicia por mano propia en Uruguay
Maximo Rossi, Universidad del Uruguay - Departamento de Economía (dECON)
Fernando Borraz, Universidad de la Republica
Cecilia Chouhy, Universidad de la Republica
Fernando Borraz, Universidad de la Republica
Cecilia Chouhy, Universidad de la Republica
Abstract
This article analyzes the attitude of the Uruguayans towards the subjection to the law in the prosecution and punishment of offenders. Specifically, it addresses the approval of people taking justice into their own hands and justification for police action outside the law when capturing delinquents. The LAPOP database (Latin American Public Opinion Project, Vanderbilt University) conducted in 2008 is used for this purpose. Analyzing probit estimates, it is observed that the justification of people taking justice into their own hand is related to the respondent’s experience and situation. Having been victimized in recent months, feeling unsafe in their neighborhood and considering their economic situation as not good, increases the probability of assuming such position. On the other hand, adherence to police procedures is related to individual’s philosophical and political beliefs. This finding indicates that the formation of such attitudes has a differential dynamic and that Uruguayans, when justifying actions outside the law, consider the type of action and the actor involved.
Suggested Citation
Maximo Rossi, Fernando Borraz, and Cecilia Chouhy. 2012. "Victimización y justicia por mano propia en Uruguay" dECON-Working Papers
Available at: http://works.bepress.com/maximo_rossi/56
Available at: http://works.bepress.com/maximo_rossi/56
Central and South America Issue date: 2012-09-09
http://uruguay.academia.edu/MaximoRossi/Blog/583987/Central-and-South-America-Issue-date-2012-09-09
Central and South America Issue date: 2012-09-09
Thursday, September 13, 2012
NEP: New Economics Papers
Central and South America
Edited by: Maximo Rossi
Universidad de la Republica
Issue date: 2012-09-09
Papers: 13
Note: Access to full contents may be restricted.
NEP is sponsored by SUNY Oswego.
To subscribe/unsubscribe follow this link http://lists.repec.org/mailman/options/nep-lam
In this issue we have:
Latin American Exchange Rate Dependencies: A Regular Vine Copula Approach
Rubén Albeiro Loaiza Maya; Luis Fernando Melo Velandia
FDI and Income Inequality - Evidence from Latin American Economies
Dierk Herzer; Philipp Hühne; Peter Nunnenkamp
LEFT, RIGHT, LEFT: INCOME DYNAMICS AND THE EVOLVING POLITICAL PREFERENCES OF FORWARD-LOOKING BAYESIAN VOTERS
Michael Carter; John Morrow
Spillovers from Conditional Cash Transfer Programs:Bolsa Família and Crime in Urban Brazil
Laura Chioda; João Manoel Pinho de Mello; Rodrigo R. Soares
La negociación salarial en Uruguay: un modelo para analizar sus efectos
Ivone Perazzo
Ethnic Groups and Anthropometric Differences in Colombia
karina Acosta; Adolfo Meisel
TEORÍA DE LA MIGRACIÓN COLECTIVA COMO EXPLICACIÓN AL DESPLAZAMIENTO FORZADO EN COLOMBIA
Diego Felipe Gutiérrez Bedoya
Wages and Informality in Developing Countries
Costas Meghir; Renata Narita; Jean-Marc Robin
The Welfare Cost of Homicides in Brazil: Accounting for Heterogeneity in the Willingness to Pay for Mortality Reductions
Daniel R.C. Cerqueira; Rodrigo R. Soares
Targeting the Poor: A Macroeconomic Analysis of Cash Transfer Programs
Eduardo Zilberman; Tiago Berriel
Decentralization of Health and Education in Developing Countries: A Quality-Adjusted Review of the Empirical Literature
Anila Channa; Jean-Paul Faguet
Water Scarcity and Birth Outcomes in the Brazilian Semiarid
Rudi Rocha; Rodrigo R. Soares
Does workers’ control affect firm survival? Evidence from Uruguay
Gabriel Burdin
Central and South America
Edited by: Maximo Rossi
Universidad de la Republica
Issue date: 2012-09-09
Papers: 13
Note: Access to full contents may be restricted.
NEP is sponsored by SUNY Oswego.
To subscribe/unsubscribe follow this link http://lists.repec.org/mailman/options/nep-lam
In this issue we have:
Latin American Exchange Rate Dependencies: A Regular Vine Copula Approach
Rubén Albeiro Loaiza Maya; Luis Fernando Melo Velandia
FDI and Income Inequality - Evidence from Latin American Economies
Dierk Herzer; Philipp Hühne; Peter Nunnenkamp
LEFT, RIGHT, LEFT: INCOME DYNAMICS AND THE EVOLVING POLITICAL PREFERENCES OF FORWARD-LOOKING BAYESIAN VOTERS
Michael Carter; John Morrow
Spillovers from Conditional Cash Transfer Programs:Bolsa Família and Crime in Urban Brazil
Laura Chioda; João Manoel Pinho de Mello; Rodrigo R. Soares
La negociación salarial en Uruguay: un modelo para analizar sus efectos
Ivone Perazzo
Ethnic Groups and Anthropometric Differences in Colombia
karina Acosta; Adolfo Meisel
TEORÍA DE LA MIGRACIÓN COLECTIVA COMO EXPLICACIÓN AL DESPLAZAMIENTO FORZADO EN COLOMBIA
Diego Felipe Gutiérrez Bedoya
Wages and Informality in Developing Countries
Costas Meghir; Renata Narita; Jean-Marc Robin
The Welfare Cost of Homicides in Brazil: Accounting for Heterogeneity in the Willingness to Pay for Mortality Reductions
Daniel R.C. Cerqueira; Rodrigo R. Soares
Targeting the Poor: A Macroeconomic Analysis of Cash Transfer Programs
Eduardo Zilberman; Tiago Berriel
Decentralization of Health and Education in Developing Countries: A Quality-Adjusted Review of the Empirical Literature
Anila Channa; Jean-Paul Faguet
Water Scarcity and Birth Outcomes in the Brazilian Semiarid
Rudi Rocha; Rodrigo R. Soares
Does workers’ control affect firm survival? Evidence from Uruguay
Gabriel Burdin
miércoles, 12 de septiembre de 2012
CEQ: Commitment to Equity
CEQ: Commitment to Equity
http://cipr.tulane.edu/pages/detail/238/Commitment-to-EquityA Diagnostic Framework to Assess Governments’ Fiscal Policies
Director: Nora Lustig, Samuel Z. Stone Professor of Latin American Economics, Tulane University; and Non-resident Fellow, Center for Global Development and Inter-American Dialogue.
What is CEQ?
The Commitment to Equity (CEQ) project is designed to assess the progressivity of social spending and taxes, their impact on poverty reduction, and their redistributive effects. It does this through a comprehensive incidence analysis and a diagnostic framework. The incidence analysis addresses the following three questions: How much redistribution and poverty reduction does a country accomplish through social spending and taxes? How progressive are revenue collection and social spending? What could be done to further increase redistribution and improve re-distributional effectiveness? CEQ is the first framework to comprehensively assess the tax and benefits system in developing countries and to make the assessment comparable across countries and over time. Initially, CEQhas focused on Latin America.
The comprehensive incidence analysis measures how each component of the tax and benefit system is distributed and the overall impact of taxes and benefits on an array of poverty and inequality indicators. It also calculates effectiveness indicators, progressivity indicators, incidence by decile, coverage and leakages by program, and a probit analysis of the probability of remaining poor after direct transfers.
The diagnostic framework is designed to assess how aligned fiscal policies are with supporting a minimum living standard and human capital accumulation, as well as with reducing inequality. The objective is to evaluate efforts based on whether governments: i. collect and allocate enough resources to support a minimum living standard for all; ii. collect and distribute resources equitably; iii. ensure that spending is fiscally sustainable and that programs are of good quality and incentive compatible; iv. collect and publish relevant information, as well as are subject to independent evaluations.
Led by Nora Lustig and Peter Hakim CEQ/Latin America is a joint project of the Inter-American Dialogue (IAD) and Tulane University’s Center for Inter-American Policy and Research (CIPR) and Department of Economics. The project has received financial support from the Canadian International Development Agency, the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the United Nations Development Programme’s Regional Bureau for Latin America and the Caribbean, and the General Electric Foundation.
Working Papers
Declining Inequality in Latin America in the 2000s: The Cases of Argentina, Brazil and Mexico
Nora Lustig, Luis F. Lopez-Calva and Eduardo Ortiz-Juarez
July 16, 2012
Nora Lustig, Luis F. Lopez-Calva and Eduardo Ortiz-Juarez
July 16, 2012
The Impact of Taxes and Social Spending on Inequality and Poverty in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Mexico and Peru: A Synthesis of Results
Nora Lustig, George Gray-Molina, Sean Higgins, Miguel Jaramillo, Wilson Jiménez, Veronica Paz, Claudiney Pereira, Carola Pessino, John Scott and Ernesto Yañez
Department of Economics Working Paper 1216 — August 2012
Nora Lustig, George Gray-Molina, Sean Higgins, Miguel Jaramillo, Wilson Jiménez, Veronica Paz, Claudiney Pereira, Carola Pessino, John Scott and Ernesto Yañez
Department of Economics Working Paper 1216 — August 2012
Social Spending, Taxes and Income Redistribution in Uruguay
Marisa Bucheli, Nora Lustig, Maximo Rossi and Florencia Amábile
August 31, 2012
Marisa Bucheli, Nora Lustig, Maximo Rossi and Florencia Amábile
August 31, 2012
martes, 11 de septiembre de 2012
Recursos naturales y desarrollo rural
Este libro reúne las investigaciones asociadas a tres ponencias presentadas en el Seminario “Recursos naturales y desarrollo rural en el Perú (1980-2010)”, realizado en Lima en noviembre del 2010, actividad que constituyó la principal celebración del Grupo de Análisis para el Desarrollo (GRADE) por sus 30 años de labor académica profesional. Para organizarlo se contó con el apoyo del Instituto de Educación Internacional y del Centro Internacional de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo (IDRC). Este evento fue uno de los tres seminarios llevados a cabo en ocho días de trabajo que tuvieron lugar en distintas fechas y con la asistencia de un público muy diverso de funcionarios, académicos, estudiantes y representantes de la sociedad civil.
Autores: Javier Escobal, Carmen Ponce, Gerardo Damonte y Manuel Glave. 2012
Haga click en el vínculo para descargarlo http://www.grade.org.pe/publicaciones/detalle/1110
"Improving Education in Developing Countries: Lessons and Questions”
"Improving Education in Developing Countries: Lessons and Questions” Richard Murnane (Harvard University). 6th Annual Meeting of the Impact Evaluation Network. September 20th. Graduate School of Education. Harvard University
http:// www.depeco.econo.unlp.edu.ar/ cedlas/ien/meeting2012.htm
jueves, 6 de septiembre de 2012
What’s happening with El Salvador’s CCT programmes?
What’s happening with El Salvador’s CCT programmes?, Fábio Veras Soares describes the changes that took place during the transition from Red Solidaria toComunidades Solidarias Rurales and summarizes the major recommendations that came out in a recent workshop that took place in San Salvador to discuss the redesign of the programme.
Regression Discontinuity Impacts with an Implicit Index: Evaluating El Salvador’s Comunidades Solidarias Rurales Transfer Programme
Regression Discontinuity Impacts with an Implicit Index: Evaluating El Salvador’s Comunidades Solidarias Rurales Transfer Programme, Alan de Brauw explains the evaluation strategy developed to rigorously evaluate the programme. He also reports on the programme’s impact on education and maternal health indicators (click here for the Spanish version)
No Child Left Without: A Universal Benefit for Children in Brazil
No Child Left Without: A Universal Benefit for Children in Brazil, Sergei Soares and Pedro Ferreira analyse the current system of child benefits in Brazil, which features components similar to the Argentinean ones: a deduction per dependant in income tax, a contributory family allowance for formal sector workers and the variable benefit of Bolsa Família. Soares and Ferreira show how policy fragmentation in the current system leaves 16 million children that are in the middle and in the lower tail of the income distribution without coverage. The best way to improve the system, they claim, is to merge the three programmes and extend coverage to all children. The authors also discuss the additional costs of the programme for different level of benefits and its impacts on child poverty and inequality (click here for the Spanish version)
In addition to the five PRB described above, we also present two One Pagers (OP) that look at the Conditional Cash Transfer of El Salvador, Comunidades Solidarias Rurales (Solidarity Rural Communities).
Monetary Transfers for Children and Adolescents in Argentina: Characteristics and Coverage of a “System” with Three Components
Monetary Transfers for Children and Adolescents in Argentina: Characteristics and Coverage of a “System” with Three Components, Fabio Bertranou and Roxana Maurizio analyse the incidence of the three programmes that give benefits to families with children in Argentina: the income tax deduction per child, the contributory family allowance and the Universal Child Allowance. The latter was established in 2009 and took on the role previously paid by the Heads of Household and the Families programme (Plan Jefes y Jefas y el Plan Familias). This programme faces a number of challenges. For Bertranou and Maurizio closing the gaps in coverage and to having a unified system for the child-related transfers as part of a broader policy for children and teenagers is essential (clickhere for the Spanish version)
The Expansion of Non-Contributory Transfer in Uruguay
The Expansion of Non-Contributory Transfer in Uruguay, Verónica Amarante and Andrea Vigorito describe the implementation of the National Assistance Plan of Social Emergency (Plan de Atención Nacional a la Emergencia Social, PANES) between 2005 and 2007 and summarize its socioeconomic impacts. They also analyse the transition from PANES to Plan Equidad (Equity Plan), placing particular emphasis on the reform of Family Allowances (AFAM) that unifies the targeted two-tier system (social security versus social assistance) for the provision of cash benefits to households with children. The results show a substantial increase of coverage, especially for those at the lower end of the income distribution ( click here for the Spanish version)
Social Protection in Ecuador: A New Vision for Inclusive Growth
Social Protection in Ecuador: A New Vision for Inclusive Growth, Ryan Nehring explores the scope and the role of Ecuador’s social development project with a focus on the role of its non-contributory cash transfer schemes. Nehring describes the main characteristics of the schemes and highlights some of the challenges around the institutional coordination mechanisms which he suggests may have significant implications for the effectiveness of the social protection network and its linkages with the National Development Plan (Buen Vivir).
The Expansion of Cash Transfers in Chile and its Challenges: Ethical Family Income,
The Expansion of Cash Transfers in Chile and its Challenges: Ethical Family Income, Simone Cecchini, Claudia Robles and Luis Hernán Vargas discuss the various innovations that the new Ethical Family Income (Ingreso Ético Familiar) programme brings with regards to the well-known Chile Solidario. The authors focus on the significant expansion in the amounts and types of cash transfers (unconditional and conditional) which are now organized under the three fundamental pillars of dignity, duties and achievements. They also discuss the new emphasis placed on enhancing the household’s income generation capacities. This critical shift, they note, entails new forms of labour market support and employment subsidies to increase women’s labour force participation in a country which otherwise has one of the lowest rates in the region. (click here for the Spanish version)
martes, 28 de agosto de 2012
The spatial geography of teacher labor markets: Evidence from a developing country
The spatial geography of teacher labor markets: Evidence from a developing country
- Group for the Analysis of Development – GRADE, Av. Almirante Grau 915, Barranco, Lima 04, Peru
An unequal distribution of teacher quality is a problem underlying the unequal distribution of educational outcomes in developing countries. However, we know little about how the labor market produces such a distribution. Using data from two regions in Peru, we investigate whether there is a national teacher market or smaller regional markets. We estimate discrete-choice multinomial models to identify variables (including teacher characteristics, institutional features and geographical factors) associated with the location of teachers in the first jobs of their careers. Results indicate that teacher markets are regional in scope. Being born in a certain province (sub-area of a region) substantially increases the probability of having a first teaching position in that same province. We also find evidence that the geographic mobility of teachers is quite limited. Results suggest that policies to strengthen teacher educational systems and reduce inequities should focus on the regional level.
Highlights
► We model teachers’ first job location in two regions of Peru. ► We estimate discrete-choice multinomial models. ► Geographical variables predict teachers’ first job location. ► Teachers’ geographical mobility throughout their careers is quite limited. ► Teacher markets are regional in scope.
JEL classification
- I21;
- J45;
- R23;
- C25
Keywords
- Education economics;
- Teacher labor markets;
- Geography
lunes, 16 de julio de 2012
Opinión ciudadana sobre el aborto: Uruguay y América Latina
Por Maximo Rossi y Patricia Triunfo
Enlace documento completo: http://www.fcs.edu.uy/archivos/1510.pdf
En la mayoría de los países de América Latina el aborto es ilegal, existiendo causas atenuantes y eximentes. Sin embargo, estudios para países que han tenido procesos liberalizadores por más de dos décadas, como ser Estados Unidos, muestran que persisten actitudes diferentes frente al mismo, que van desde visiones pro vida a visiones pro elección. Este trabajo, a partir del Latinobarómetro 2007, analiza los patrones actitudinalesde los individuos ante el aborto, deteniéndose en el grado de justificación del mismo en función de características socio económicas, fe y religiosidad, y características de lospaíses. Las estimaciones por mínimos cuadrados ordinarios, promedio para 18 países de América Latina, muestran que los individuos que más justifican el aborto son los hombres,de 40 años o menos, con alto nivel educativo, bajo nivel de privación de bienes, baja religiosidad, y que no profesan la fe católica ni evangélica. Analizando por países,Uruguay es donde más se justifica el aborto. A diferencia del promedio latinoamericano,las mujeres uruguayas justifican en mayor medida el aborto que los hombres, el impacto dela educación y el nivel socio económico es notoriamente mayor, y el estado civil no es significativo, al igual que el grado de religiosidad.Palabras clave: actitudes ante aborto, opinión pública.
jueves, 28 de junio de 2012
Changes in Wage Structure in Mexico Going Beyond the Mean: An Analysis of Differences in Distribution, 1987-2008
By Claudia Tello, Raul Ramos, Manuel Artí
Link: http://ftp.iza.org/dp6576.pdf
This paper conducts an empirical analysis of the relationship between wage inequality, employment structure, and returns to education in urban areas of Mexico during the past two decades (1987-2008). Applying Melly's (2005) quantile regression based decomposition, we find that changes in wage inequality have been driven mainly by variations in educational wage premia. Additionally, we find that changes in employment structure, including occupation and firm size, have played a vital role. This evidence seems to suggest that the changes in wage inequality in urban Mexico cannot be interpreted in terms of a skill-biased change, but rather they are the result of an increasing demand for skills during that period.
Link: http://ftp.iza.org/dp6576.pdf
This paper conducts an empirical analysis of the relationship between wage inequality, employment structure, and returns to education in urban areas of Mexico during the past two decades (1987-2008). Applying Melly's (2005) quantile regression based decomposition, we find that changes in wage inequality have been driven mainly by variations in educational wage premia. Additionally, we find that changes in employment structure, including occupation and firm size, have played a vital role. This evidence seems to suggest that the changes in wage inequality in urban Mexico cannot be interpreted in terms of a skill-biased change, but rather they are the result of an increasing demand for skills during that period.
Fiscal Policy in Colombia: Tapping its Potential for a More Equitable Society
by LARS CHRISTIAN MOLLER
Link: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2085145
Colombia has the seventh highest Gini coefficient of income inequality in the world. The Santos Administration is aware of this challenge and is taking important measures to reduce disparities. The government is also aspiring to join the OECD, which exhibits much lower income disparities, mainly as a result of effective policies of fiscal redistribution. In Colombia, meanwhile, direct taxes, indirect taxes, and monetary transfers hardly dent the high Gini coefficient. To reduce income inequality, Colombian policy makers could consider introducing a more progressive tax-transfer system. This paper ranks alternative inequality-reducing fiscal policy options based on their effectiveness. It argues that there are potentially important redistributive potential gains available from tax reforms if combined with good spending decisions. It presents an illustrative reform package that would be sufficient for Colombia to reach levels of inequality similar to Chile or Costa Rica in a fiscally neutral manner. Nonetheless, further analysis is needed to explore all available policy options and identify those best suited for Colombia.
Link: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2085145
Colombia has the seventh highest Gini coefficient of income inequality in the world. The Santos Administration is aware of this challenge and is taking important measures to reduce disparities. The government is also aspiring to join the OECD, which exhibits much lower income disparities, mainly as a result of effective policies of fiscal redistribution. In Colombia, meanwhile, direct taxes, indirect taxes, and monetary transfers hardly dent the high Gini coefficient. To reduce income inequality, Colombian policy makers could consider introducing a more progressive tax-transfer system. This paper ranks alternative inequality-reducing fiscal policy options based on their effectiveness. It argues that there are potentially important redistributive potential gains available from tax reforms if combined with good spending decisions. It presents an illustrative reform package that would be sufficient for Colombia to reach levels of inequality similar to Chile or Costa Rica in a fiscally neutral manner. Nonetheless, further analysis is needed to explore all available policy options and identify those best suited for Colombia.
lunes, 4 de junio de 2012
Calidad, igualdad y equidad en la educación colombiana (Análisis de la prueba SABER 2009)
By: | Jesús Duarte María Soledad Bos Martín Moreno |
URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc: |
Esta Nota Técnica describe la desigualdad en los aprendizajes de los alumnos colombianos y analiza la equidad en la distribución de los recursos y procesos que ocurren en la escuela y su relación con los aprendizajes. Usando la base de datos del SABER 2009, el análisis muestra que en Colombia existen altas desigualdades en los resultados académicos de los estudiantes, asociadas al nivel socioeconómico de sus familias y al tipo de gestión y zona geográfica de las escuelas a las que asisten. Esta relación es más importante entre las escuelas que al interior de las mismas, denotando una alta segregación de las escuelas colombianas según el nivel socioeconómico de los alumnos. En cuanto a la distribución de recursos y procesos escolares, hay altas inequidades con clara desventaja para las escuelas que atienden a los alumnos más pobres y las escuelas públicas urbanas y rurales, que se asocia a su vez con mayor riesgo de sus alumnos de obtener resultados insatisfactorios en la prueba SABER. Los resultados de las estimaciones de los modelos multinivel, donde se analizan de manera conjunta las interacciones entre factores escolares y los resultados de las pruebas, indican que mejores condiciones físicas de las aulas, la conexión adecuada a servicios públicos, la jornada completa, la presencia de reglas en el aula, los menores niveles de violencia en las escuelas y mayor satisfacción docente están asociados de manera significativa con más altas probabilidades de que los estudiantes logren resultados adecuados en las pruebas. Mejorar dichos factores en las escuelas que atienden a la población pobre tendría un alto potencial en incrementar al mismo tiempo la calidad y la equidad de los aprendizajes escolares en Colombia. | |
Keywords: | Educación :: Educación primaria y secundaria, Desarrollo social :: Pobreza, Desarrollo social :: Jóvenes y niños, Educación :: Educación y calidad de los maestros, Educación :: Evaluación educativa, desigualdad, aprendizajes, alunnos, inequidades, resultados academicos, nivel socioeconómico, calidad, equidad, igualidad, inequidad |
JEL: | I24 |
The Measurement of Educational Inequality: Achievement and Opportunity
By: | Jérémie Gignoux (PSE - Paris-Jourdan Sciences Economiques - CNRS : UMR8545 - Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS) - Ecole des Ponts ParisTech - Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris - ENS Paris - INRA, EEP-PSE - Ecole d'Économie de Paris - Paris School of Economics - Ecole d'Économie de Paris) Francisco H. G. Ferreira (The World Bank - The World Bank, IZA - Institute for the Study of Labor - IZA) |
URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc: |
This paper proposes two related measures of educational inequality: one for educational achievement and another for educational opportunity. The former is the simple variance (or standard deviation) of test scores. It is selected after careful consideration of two measurement issues that have typically been overlooked in the literature: the implications of the standardization of test scores for inequality indices, and the possible sample selection biases arising from the PISA sampling frame. The measure of inequality of educational opportunity is given by the share of the variance in test scores which is explained by pre-determined circumstances. Both measures are computed for the 57 countries in which PISA surveys were conducted in 2006. Inequality of opportunity accounts for up to 35% of all disparities in educational achievement. It is greater in (most of) continental Europe and Latin America than in Asia, Scandinavia and North America. It is uncorrelated with average educational achievement and only weakly negatively correlated with per capita GDP. It correlates negatively with the share of spending in primary schooling, and positively with tracking in secondary schools. | |
Keywords: | Educational inequality ; Educational achievement ; Inequality of opportunity |
Efectos heterogéneos del trabajo infantil en la adquisición de habilidades cognitivas.
By: | Carmen Ponce (Grupo de Análisis para el Desarrollo (GRADE)) |
URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc: |
El estudio se ocupa de los efectos heterogéneos del trabajo en la formación de capital humano a través de una definición amplia de trabajo que incluye toda actividad asociada a responsabilidades no escolares. Dada la variedad de responsabilidades asumidas por niños y adolescentes peruanos, se toma en cuenta dos criterios para clasificar los diferentes tipos de trabajo: el tipo de actividad desarrollada (si es una actividad económica o una doméstica) y la relación del niño o adolescente con su empleador o supervisor (si es un familiar o no). La información estadística empleada proviene de una base longitudinal única con información de uso del tiempo e indicadores de desarrollo contemporáneos y pasados de una cohorte de adolescentes peruanos de 14 años de edad. Para evitar una sobreestimación de los efectos sobre el capital humano debido a una mayor prevalencia del trabajo infantil y una menor calidad de la escuela en las áreas rurales, el estudio analiza por separado las áreas urbanas y las rurales. La estrategia de estimación atiende los problemas de endogeneidad de la decisión de uso del tiempo de los adolescentes y controla por condiciones iniciales y características familiares y comunales que puedan afectar tanto el desarrollo de habilidades cognitivas como las decisiones de uso del tiempo en el hogar. En el área rural no se encuentra efectos significativos de una hora adicional de trabajo en actividades económicas, aunque sí efectos negativos de horas adicionales de actividad doméstica (en el hogar del adolescente). En contraste, los estimados urbanos muestran efectos negativos de horas adicionales de trabajo en actividades económicas. El tipo de trabajo que estaría detrás de este efecto es el desarrollado en actividades económicas fuera del entorno familiar (cargadores en mercados, labores de reciclaje, etc.). Estos resultados del área urbana son consistentes otros estudios internacionales. El documento explora un canal de transmisión específico: el potencial trade-off entre trabajo y escuela (debido a la competencia por tiempo y energía entre ambas), y discute sus implicancias en las políticas públicas más allá de las restricciones legales al trabajo infantil y adolescente. | |
Keywords: | Trabajo de menores, Adolescentes, Desarrollo de habilidades, Child labour, Adolescents, Skills development, Peru |
JEL: | J24 |
Número de hermanos, orden de nacimiento y resultados educativos en la niñez: evidencia en Perú.
By: | Víctor Saldarriaga (Grupo de Análisis para el Desarrollo (GRADE)) |
URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc: |
El presente estudio investiga el efecto del número de hijos y el orden de nacimiento en la asistencia a la escuela, en la probabilidad de retraso escolar y en el año o grado normativo para la edad en niños de 6 a 14 años de edad. La estrategia de identificación se basa en el uso de variables instrumentales, tomando los eventos de nacimientos múltiples y preferencias por balance de sexo de los hijos como potenciales instrumentos de identificación. Utilizando datos de las Encuestas Demográficas y de Salud Familiar (ENDES) de los años 1996, 2000, 2004-2008 y 2009, se encuentra que un hijo adicional en familias afectadas por eventos de nacimientos múltiples incrementa la probabilidad de asistencia a la escuela de los hijos mayores entre 3,5 y 4,5 puntos porcentuales. Este efecto es mayor en niños residentes en zonas rurales, en los varones y en aquellos niños que reportan vivir en hogares donde ambos padres se encuentran presentes. No obstante, el efecto es menor para niños con edades más cercanas a los 6 años. No se encuentran efectos significativos en la probabilidad de retraso escolar ni tampoco en el año o grado normativo para la edad de los niños, lo cual sugiere que no existe un vínculo causal entre el tamaño familiar y el progreso escolar de los niños. Adicionalmente, se encuentran efectos diferenciados de acuerdo al orden de nacimiento de los hijos. | |
Keywords: | Asistencia escolar, Niños, Educación, School Attendance, Children, Education, Peru |
JEL: | I24 |
Structural change in developing countries: has it decreased gender inequality?
By: | Michelle Rendall |
URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc: |
This paper examines the evolution of female labor market outcomes from 1987 to 2008 by assessing the role of changing labor demand requirements in four developing countries: Brazil, Mexico, India and Thailand. The results highlight the importance of structural change in reducing gender disparities by decreasing the labor demand for physical attributes. The results show that India, the country with the greatest physical labor requirements, exhibits the largest labor market gender inequality. In contrast, Brazil's labor requirements have followed a similar trend seen in the United States, reducing gender inequality in both wages and labor force participation. | |
Keywords: | Structural change, job tasks, female employment, wage gap, Latin America, Asia |
JEL: | J20 |
EDUCATION AND LABOUR MARKET OUTCOMES: EVIDENCE FROM BRAZIL
By: | R Freguglia G Spricigo Geraint Johnes A Aggarwal |
URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc: |
The effect of education on labour market outcomes is analysed using both survey and administrative data from The Brazilian PNAD and RAIS-MIGRA series, respectively. Occupational destination is examined using both multinomial logit analyses and structural dynamic discrete choice modelling. The latter approach is particularly useful as a means of evaluating policy impacts over time. We find that policy to expand educational provision leads initially to an increased take-up of education, and in the longer term leads to an increased propensity for workers to enter non-manual employment. |
Gender Differences in Bargaining Outcomes: A Field Experiment on Discrimination
By: Marco Castillo
Ragan Petrie
Máximo Torero
Lise Vesterlund
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:18093&r=ltv
We examine gender differences in bargaining outcomes in a highly competitive and commonly used market: the taxi market in Lima, Peru. Examining the entire path of negotiation we find that men face higher initial prices and rejection rates. These differentials are consistent with both statistical and taste-based discrimination. To identify the source of the inferior treatment of men we conduct an experiment where passengers send a signal on valuation before negotiating. The signal eliminates gender differences and the response is shown only to be consistent with statistical discrimination. Our study secures identification within the market of interest and demonstrates that there are environments where sophisticated statistical inference is the sole source of differential gender outcomes.
JEL: C78
Ragan Petrie
Máximo Torero
Lise Vesterlund
URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:18093&r=ltv
We examine gender differences in bargaining outcomes in a highly competitive and commonly used market: the taxi market in Lima, Peru. Examining the entire path of negotiation we find that men face higher initial prices and rejection rates. These differentials are consistent with both statistical and taste-based discrimination. To identify the source of the inferior treatment of men we conduct an experiment where passengers send a signal on valuation before negotiating. The signal eliminates gender differences and the response is shown only to be consistent with statistical discrimination. Our study secures identification within the market of interest and demonstrates that there are environments where sophisticated statistical inference is the sole source of differential gender outcomes.
JEL: C78
martes, 29 de mayo de 2012
Female Labor Force Participation and Informal Care of Adults: Evidence for a middle-income country
By: | David Bravo Esteban Puentes |
URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc: |
The provision of elderly care is an issue of increasing importance in Latin American countries because of a aging population, decrease in household size, and increased complexity of care. Thus, it is important to analyze how the provision of informal care of other adults affects the welfare of women since they are usually responsible for this type of care. We analyze in this paper the relationship between providing informal care to adults and labor outcomes for a middle-income country with a rapidly aging population. This is one of the first studies to focus on middle-income countries and in Latin America. The results of this research show the importance of considering the endogeneity that exists between informal care and female labor participation. A partial correlation analysis shows a strong negative relationship between providing care and labor participation, however, when we use methods for endogeneity correction, the correlation does not hold. Additionally, we found that poor households are more likely to be involved in care giving activities, and that the presence of a spouse reduces the likelihood of provision of care. |
The Political Economy of Distribution and Growth in Chile
By: | Klaus Schmidt-Hebbel |
URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc: |
This paper addresses the following questions on the political economy of distribution and growth in Chile. How does Chile compare to the world in government size, income distribution, and per capita GDP? Which is the relation between income distribution, government size and structure, and growth in a political-economy model of endogenous growth? How do changes in income distribution affect growth through changes in the size of government, in a model calibrated for Chile? Which are the dynamics of distribution and growth, when they are shaped by political leadership, the policy-making process, and the quality of institutions and policies? Under which conditions of such dynamics does a non-monotonic relation between income distribution and growth emerge, akin to the Kuznets curve? How do Chile’s leadership, policy-making process, and reforms affect equity and growth? Which are the political economy requirements for successful adoption of ten key reforms to support growth and equity in Chile? | |
Keywords: | Fiscal Income distribution, economic growth, political economy |
JEL: | O15 |
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